Quantitative interpretation of MALDI-TOF mass spectra of imperfect carbosilane dendrimers

A general relationship is derived for the abundance of an imperfect dendrimer with a given number of missing constitutional repeating units in the two outmost layers. The relationship is used in the interpretation of the MALDI TOF mass spectrum of the second-generation carbosilane dendrimer prepared by the iterative divergent method. The model quantitatively describes the spectrum of the dendrimer and correctly predicts the MALDI TOF mass spectrum of its first-generation precursor. Thus, the use of well-resolved MALDI TOF mass spectra for assessing the purity of low-generation dendrimers with uniform end groups is substantiated for carbosilane dendrimers and to lesser extent for dendrimers in general.     

Noncontact interferometric optical probe for calibration of coordinate measuring machines

Our work deals with point length standards, which can be practically realized by two precise spheres or parts of spheres connected by a bar or array of spherical surfaces. The distance between the centers of spheres precisely determines the length. Two methods (mechanical and optical) are shown for determination of the centers of spheres of the length standard. The proposed optical method is based on the interference of light. General formulas are derived that make it possible to calculate accurately the center position of the spherical surface, which is used for the length standards. An analysis of the proposed method is described based on the third-order aberration theory. The proposed technique can be used for calibration and checking of computer numerical controlled machines.     

Novel bisphosphonates via castor oil

Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) have long been a staple component of feedstock oils with uses ranging from motor oils to food to pharmaceuticals. Castor oil, which contains the HFA ricinoleic acid as its principal component, is the most widely used source of HFA in the world. In addition, bisphosphonates are a functional moiety that has been shown to display a variety of industrial applications, ranging from use in water softeners to osteoporosis drugs, primarily due to their affinity for the calcium ion. We have long been interested in the modification of ricinoleic acid from castor oil to phosphorus derivatives, including α-hydroxy phosphonates and phosphonic acids, and have now accomplished the synthesis of a family of ricinoleic-derived bisphosphonates: one that retains the cis alkene found in ricinoleic acid and one where the alkene has undergone hydrogenation. These compounds have been produced in high yields and high purity and the synthesis of these compounds is reported.     

IP home gateway as universal multi-purpose enabler for smart home services

There are many candidates for a communication infrastructure between the smart home gateway and service providers, distribution centers or end-users accessing smart home applications remotely. Optimally the access technology should be already deployed in order to minimize initial investments and in parallel must provide sufficient reliability and security even for critical applications. Therefore, we focused at already deployed platforms which have a strong potential to become the key communication technologies for smart home domain. Furthermore, we investigated the applicability of residential gateway access technology for emerging home automation services. Finally, we developed and demonstrate a middleware solution enabling the “state of technology” IP-based home gateway to serve as a universal multi-purpose enabler for connected home automation systems like alarm systems, smart metering and grid, photo-voltaic energy production systems, etc.     

Rapid Payne effect test—A novel method for study of strain‐softening behavior of rubbers filled with various carbon blacks

In the presented article, the strain‐softening process in rubber compounds filled with carbon black is investigated. First people to observe this process were Fletcher and Gent in 1954. Later, Payne did an extensive investigation of the process thus the test is generally known as Payne effect test. Based on the measured data, so‐called Payne softening can be calculated. The Payne softening is broadly considered as the measure of the strain‐softening. In order to investigate strain‐softening behavior of a filled rubber compound several strain amplitudes are imposed during a Payne effect test. In this article, a two‐point (rapid) version of the test containing only two strain amplitudes is introduced and verified statistically. This test has shown that for the investigation of the filler network disintegration in filled rubbers primarily the large deformations are important, notwithstanding the strain history of a sample. Moreover, the softening characteristic is observed in 30% of the time of the original test. The new method is exemplified for a study of three different rubbers filled with various carbon blacks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41976.     

胶原水解产物-羧甲基纤维素聚电解质络合物的溶胀及可塑性

胶原水解产物-羧甲基纤维素聚电解质络合物的溶胀性和可塑性是对其应用来说十分．其中，这种材料的溶胀性除受到溶液pH值、离子强度、反离子种类的影响外，还受到材料本身交联网络密度的影响；成膜的可塑性则主要受其成分的影响。本论文主要讨论反应条件和络合稳定化方式对胶原水解产物一羧甲基纤维素聚电解质络合物的溶胀性及其成膜的可塑性的影响。     

Diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional fermented dairy products in Mongolia

Spontaneous milk fermentation has a long history in Mongolia, and beneficial microorganisms have been handed down from one generation to the next for use in fermented dairy products. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) communities in fermented yak, mare, goat, and cow milk products by analyzing 189 samples collected from 13 different regions in Mongolia. The LAB counts in these samples varied from 3.41 to 9.03 log cfu/mL. Fermented yak and mare milks had almost identical mean numbers of LAB, which were significantly higher than those in fermented goat milk but slightly lower than those in fermented cow milk. In total, 668 isolates were obtained from these samples using de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar and M17 agar. Each isolate was considered to be presumptive LAB based on gram-positive and catalase-negative properties, and was identified at the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multiplex PCR assay, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. All isolates from Mongolian dairy products were accurately identified as Enterococcus faecalis (1 strain), Enterococcus durans (3 strains), Lactobacillus brevis (3 strains), Lactobacillus buchneri (2 strains), Lactobacillus casei (16 strains), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (142 strains), Lactobacillus diolivorans (17 strains), Lactobacillus fermentum (42 strains), Lactobacillus helveticus (183 strains), Lactobacillus kefiri (6 strains), Lactobacillus plantarum ssp. plantarum (7 strains), Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis (7 strains), Leuconostoc lactis (22 strains), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (21 strains), Streptococcus thermophilus (195 strains), and Weissella cibaria (1 strain). The predominant LAB were Strep. thermophilus and Lb. helveticus, which were isolated from all sampling sites. The results demonstrate that traditional fermented dairy products from different regions of Mongolia have complex compositions of LAB species. Such diversity of LAB provides useful information for further studies of probiotic strain selection and starter culture design, with regard to the industrial production of traditional fermented milk.     

Study of TATP: Spontaneous Transformation of TATP to DADP

TATP, prepared in the presence of catalysts methanesulfonic, perchloric, or sulfuric acid, has been found to undergo transformation to DADP. However, no transformation occurs if TATP is purified or prepared involving catalysts such as hydrochloric acid, tin(IV) chloride, and nitric acid. The transformation has been monitored by the methods of DTA and HPLC.     

5-Hydroxy fatty acid amides from δ-lactones and alkyl glucamines

δ-Lactones derived from unsaturated fatty acids are useful precursors to fatty amides due to their enhanced reactivity. Consequently, temperature-sensitive glucamines were easily converted to their 5-hydroxy fatty acid amides in high yield (52–97%) by reaction with C₁₈ and C₂₀ δ-lactones. High yields of amides (52–97%) were obtained with little or no solvent at 90°C in less than 24 h. C₁₈ δ-lactones were more miscible in the glucamine than the C₂₀ δ-lactones and thus increased reaction rates and yields of amides. In addition, amidation reactions run in the absence of catalyst gave good yields, whereas reactions in the presence of base catalysts completely inhibited the reaction. The 1-(N-alkyl-5-hydroxy fatty acid amido)-d-glucitols are expected to have useful properties as biodegradable components in detergents.